Reliability of Bystander Recognition of Clinical Features in Pre-Hospital Classification of Acute Cerebrovascular Syndromes: Preliminary Findings

ABSTRACT Background: The recognition of stroke symptoms by patients or bystanders directly affects the outcomes of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the predictive value of the medical history and clinical features recognized by the patients’ bystanders to classify neurovascular syndromes in pre-hospital settings. Methods: We included 150 stroke patients of two Mexican referral centers: 50 with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), 50 with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and 50 with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The performance of clinical prediction rules (CPR) to identify the stroke types was evaluated with features recognized by the patients’ bystanders before hospital arrival. The impact of CPRs on early arrival and in-hospital mortality was also analyzed. Results: Overall, 72% of the patients had previous medical evaluations in other centers before final referral to our hospitals, and therefore, only 45% had a final onset-to-door time <6 h, even when the first medical assessment had occurred in ≤1 h in 75% of cases. Clinical features noticed by the patients’ bystanders had low positive predictive values (PPV) for any stroke type. The CPR “language or speech disorder + focal motor deficit” had 93% sensitivity and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 84% to distinguish AIS. In SAH, headache alone showed a sensitivity of 84% and NPV of 97%. No CPR had an adequate performance on ICH. CPRs were not associated with final onset-to-door time. Altered consciousness, age ≥65 years, indirect arrival with stops before final referral, and atrial fibrillation increased in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Clinical features referred by the witness of a neurovascular emergency have limited PPV, but adequate NPV in ruling-out AIS and SAH among stroke types. The use of CPRs had no impact on onset-to-door time or in-hospital mortality when the final arrival to a third-level center occurs with previous medical referrals.

Enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa y enfermedad de sustancia blanca en sujetos sin historia de infarto cerebral o isquemia cerebral transitoria / Atherosclerotic Carotid Disease and White Matter Disease in Subjects Without a History of Cerebral Infarction or Transient Cerebral Ischemia

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es un factor de riesgo importante para enfermedad vascular cerebral. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre factores de riesgo vascular mayores con ECA y leucopatía cerebral en pacientes sin historia de ictus isquémico. Método: Se evaluaron factores de riesgo en sujetos con exploración de carótidas mediante ultrasonografía Doppler dúplex. No se incluyeron casos con historia de infarto cerebral o ataque isquémico transitorio. Los sujetos contaron con resonancia magnética cerebral y se excluyeron aquellos con lesiones isquémicas de grandes vasos. Se construyeron modelos multivariable para la predicción de ECA, estenosis carotídea significativa, carga de ateromas y leucopatía cerebral. Resultados: Se estudiaron 145 sujetos (60.7 % mujeres, edad de 73 años). Se documentó ECA en 54.5 %, estenosis carotídea ≥ 50 % en 9 %, carga de placas de ateroma > 6 en 7.6 % y leucopatía periventricular o subcortical en 28.3 % (20.6 % tenían concurrentemente ECA y leucopatía). Los factores asociados independientemente con ECA fueron edad e hipertensión; con estenosis ≥ 50 %, hipertensión; con cargas de ateromas > 6 placas, edad; con leucopatía, edad, diabetes e hipertensión. La obesidad no se asoció con las variables independientes analizadas. Conclusiones: En los sujetos asintomáticos sin historia de ictus isquémico, la edad y la hipertensión fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes para enfermedad macrovascular. La diabetes mellitus se asoció con enfermedad microvascular. La obesidad por sí sola no fue un determinante mayor de ECA o leucopatía cerebral.

Abstract Introduction: Atherosclerotic carotid artery disease (CAD) is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Objective: To analyze the association of major vascular risk factors with atherosclerotic CAD and white matter disease (WMD) in patients without a history of ischemic stroke. Method: Risk factors were assessed with carotid examination using Doppler duplex ultrasound. Cases with a history cerebral infarction or transient ischemic attack were not included. Subjects had brain magnetic resonance imaging scans available and those with large-artery ischemic lesions were excluded. Multivariate models were constructed for the prediction of atherosclerotic CAD, significant carotid stenosis, atheroma burden and WMD. Results: One-hundred and forty-five subjects were assessed (60.7% were females, mean age was 73 years). Atherosclerotic CAD was documented in 54.5%, carotid stenosis ≥ 50% in 9.0%, > 6 atheroma plaques in 7.6%, and periventricular or subcortical WMD in 28.3% (20.6% had atherosclerotic CAD and WMD concurrently). Risk factors independently associated with atherosclerotic CAD were age and hypertension; hypertension was associated with ≥ 50% carotid stenosis; age was associated with > 6 atheroma plaques; and age, diabetes and hypertension were associated with WMD. Obesity was not associated with any of the analyzed independent variables. Conclusions: In asymptomatic subjects without a history of ischemic stroke, age and hypertension were the most important risk factors for macrovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus was associated with microvascular disease. Obesity alone was not a major determinant of CAD or WMD.

Prevalencia de enfermedad carotidea en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en el Distrito Federal, México / Prevalence of carotid disease in a tertiary hospital care in Mexico City, Mexico

Introducción: la enfermedad carotídea aterosclerosa (ECA) es causa del 15% de los infartos cerebrales. Su prevalencia podría ser alta en la población latinoamericana, pero esta información es escasa. Objetivos: describir la prevalencia, severidad y factores de riesgo de la ECA en población mexicana que asiste a un hospital de tercer nivel de atención. Materiales y Métodos: se revisaron 545 expedientes clínicos de pacientes a quienes se les realizó ultrasonido de carótidas, en un período de 23 meses. Se analizó la prevalencia y severidad de la ECA, y se compararon los factores de riesgo entre pacientes con y sin esta patología. Resultados: la prevalencia de ECA fue del 54.7% (IC95°/o: 50.5% al 58.8%): leve 48% y moderada-severa 7%. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron hipertensión arterial (64.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), edad mayor o igual a 65 años (64.4%, ECA moderada-severa: 84.2%), hipercolesterolemia (47.5%, ECA moderada-severa: 60.5%) y diabetes mellitus (40%, ECA moderada-severa: 44.7%). Un 29% tenían historia de infarto cerebral. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron estatinas o fibratos (68.3%, ECA moderada-severa: 86.8%), antiagregantes (62%, ECA moderada a severa: 86.8%) e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (42.8%, ECA moderada-severa: 71.1%). De los 38 pacientes con ECA moderada-severa, 13 (34.2%) se sometieron a revascularización carotídea (12 endarterectomía y 1 endoprótesis más angioplastia). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de ECA en esta población mexicana es similar a la informada en otros países. La mayoría de los pacientes son manejados conservadoramente. Debe hacerse énfasis en el control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la ECA.

Introduction: carotid atherosclerotic disease (CAD) is cause of about 15% of acute strokes. Its prevalence could be high in the Latin American population, but this information, in general, is largely unknown. Objetive: to describe the prevalence, severity and risk factors of CAD in a Mexican population from a third-level referral center. Materials and Methods: a total of 545 clinical records of patients who received carotid ultrasound in a period of 23 months were reviewed. We analyzed the prevalence and severity of CAD, and compared risk factors between patients with and without this condition. Results: the general prevalence of CAD was 54.7% (95% confidence interval: 50.5% to 58.8%): mild 48% and moderate-severe 7%. The most frequent risk factors were hypertension (64.8%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%), hypercholesterolemia (47.5%, moderate-severe CAD: 60.5%) and diabetes mellitus (40%, moderate-severe CAD: 44.7%). Twenty nine percent of patients had history of cerebral infarction. Most patients received statins and/or fibrates (68.3%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%), antiplatelets (62%, moderate-severe CAD: 86.8%) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (42.8%, moderate-severe CAD: 71.1%). Among the 38 patients with moderate-severe CAD, 13 (34.2%) received carotid revascularization (12 endarterectomy and 1 angioplasty plus stenting). Conclusion: the prevalence of CAD in this Mexican population is similar to that reported in other countries. Most patients are treated conservatively. Emphasis should be made on optimal control of cardiovascular risk factors associated with CAD.